That's great --- you've hopefully eliminated a bunch of possibilities that way!
One way you can be even more certain is to put the small board from your broken PSU into your working DataPower PSU. If it works in there, then there's very little question that the problem in your broken PSU is elsewhere.
The small board is indeed a kind of controller module. I may be misremembering, but I think it largely corresponds to the second of these two reverse-engineered schematics for the PSU:
https://lisa.sunder.net/LisaDataPower-1-B.pdfhttps://lisa.sunder.net/LisaDataPower-2-B.pdfI think that DataPower must have done things this way so that they could reuse this controller for a variety of different power supplies. If you change the values of the resistors that you find on the card, you can change the voltages that the power supply will produce. I can think of at least two other PSUs in my collection that use the same kind of modular design.
And I should apologise for my phrasing: I think I must have been writing while I was listening to something else. I should have said that
if you were feeling uncertain then it's worth considering setting the project aside. It sounded like I was presuming things about the current state of your skill, and I didn't mean to do that!
Finding a mentor to work with who's local to you is another good option if you're not too sure what's what. It's not always easy because folks like that can be hard to find, but if you can track someone down, it can really speed your learning. (Often good mentors have good tools as well
)
Another thought: give the "mainboard" a good close inspection for cracked solder joints?